Linux包管理深入解析：rpm命令用法、yum仓库配置与源码编译安装

软件包

rpm命令

#查看系统安装的所有软件包[root@server ~14:05:05]# rpm -qa|headfirewalld-filesystem-0.6.3-13.el7_9.noarch setup-2.8.71-11.el7.noarch NetworkManager-team-1.18.8-2.el7_9.x86_64 kbd-misc-1.15.5-16.el7_9.noarch selinux-policy-targeted-3.13.1-268.el7_9.2.noarch lshw-B.02.18-17.el7.x86_64 libsepol-2.5-10.el7.x86_64 biosdevname-0.7.3-2.el7.x86_64 info-5.1-5.el7.x86_64 aic94xx-firmware-30-6.el7.noarch#查询系统中是否安装了某软件包[root@server ~14:06:51]# rpm -q httpdpackage httpd is not installed#安装httpd[root@server ~14:06:55]# yum install -y httpd#再次查看[root@server ~14:07:19]# rpm -q httpdhttpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64#查看系统中安装过的包的数据信息[root@server ~14:55:40]# rpm -q httpd -iName:httpd Version:2.4.6 Release:99.el7.centos.1 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Mon May1814:07:192026Group:System Environment/Daemons Size:9829328License:ASL2.0Signature:RSA/SHA256, Tue May3023:15:452023, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM:httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.src.rpm Build Date:Tue May3022:02:562023Build Host:x86-01.bsys.centos.org Relocations:(not relocatable)Packager:CentOS BuildSystem<http://bugs.centos.org>Vendor:CentOS URL:http://httpd.apache.org/ Summary:Apache HTTP Server Description:The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible web server.#查看系统中某个已安装过的包包含哪些文件[root@server ~15:06:38]# rpm -q openssh-server -l/etc/pam.d/sshd /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/sysconfig/sshd /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd-keygen.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.socket /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd@.service /usr/lib64/fipscheck/sshd.hmac /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server /usr/sbin/sshd /usr/sbin/sshd-keygen /usr/share/man/man5/moduli.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/sshd_config.5.gz /usr/share/man/man8/sftp-server.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8/sshd.8.gz /var/empty/sshd#查看系统中某个已安装过的包包含哪些配置文件[root@server ~15:07:47]# rpm -q openssh-server -c/etc/pam.d/sshd /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/sysconfig/sshd#下载httpd软件包，以及其他依赖的软件包（只下载不安装）[root@server ~15:08:25]# yumdownloader httpdLoaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm|2.7MB 00:01#查看系统中某个软件包文件包含哪些配置文件[root@server ~15:08:25]# rpm -q -p httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm -c......# 查询系统中某个软件包组中包涵哪些软件包[root@server ~15:08:25]# rpm -qg 'System Environment/Base'......#查看软件包所在仓库精确位置[root@server ~15:10:45]# repoquery --location httpdhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm#通过wget下载文件（要有wget软件包）[root@server ~15:13:31]# wget \http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm--2026-05-1815:14:16-- http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com(mirrors.aliyun.com)...58.215.109.81,58.215.109.86,58.215.109.83,... Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com(mirrors.aliyun.com)|58.215.109.81|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response...200OK Length:2849200(2.7M)[application/x-rpm]Saving to:'httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm.1'100%[====================================>]2,849,2001.17MB/sin2.3s2026-05-1815:14:19(1.17MB/s)-'httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm.1'saved[2849200/2849200]

验证

# 查看openssh-server软件安装是否有问题[root@server ~15:59:13]# rpm -V openssh-server#修改[root@server ~16:00:26]# sed -i 's/PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config[root@server ~16:01:11]# rpm -V openssh-serverS.5....T. c /etc/ssh/sshd_config#移走文件，再次查看[root@server ~16:01:21]# mv /etc/ssh/sshd_config .[root@server ~16:01:43]# rpm -V openssh-server遗漏 c /etc/ssh/sshd_config#恢复文件位置[root@server ~16:01:52]# mv sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config

安装

#查看下载地址[root@server ~16:02:30]# repoquery --location lrzszhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm#下载软件包[root@server ~16:04:41]# wget http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm--2026-05-1816:05:02-- http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm 正在解析主机 mirrors.aliyun.com(mirrors.aliyun.com)...221.231.47.30,180.97.214.189,117.85.69.33,... 正在连接 mirrors.aliyun.com(mirrors.aliyun.com)|221.231.47.30|:80... 已连接。 已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应...200OK 长度：79376(78K)[application/x-rpm]正在保存至: “lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm.1”100%[====================================>]79,376502KB/s 用时0.2s2026-05-1816:05:02(502KB/s)- 已保存 “lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm.1”[79376/79376])#安装[root@server ~16:05:02]# rpm -i lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm[root@server ~16:07:48]# rpm -q lrzszlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64

卸载

#卸载[root@server ~16:08:01]# rpm -e lrzsz[root@server ~16:08:45]# rpm -q lrzsz未安装软件包 lrzsz

友好方式安装与卸载

#安装[root@server ~16:08:51]# rpm -ivh lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm准备中...################################# [100%]正在升级/安装...1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7################################# [100%]#卸载[root@server ~16:09:30]# rpm -evh lrzsz准备中...################################# [100%]正在清理/删除...1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7################################# [100%[root@server ~16:09:42]# rpm -e apr apr-util httpd-tools mailcap[root@server ~16:11:12]# rpm -ivh httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64.rpm错误：依赖检测失败： /etc/mime.types 被 httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64 需要 httpd-tools=2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 被 httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64 需要 libapr-1.so.0()(64bit)被 httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64 需要 libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit)被 httpd-2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1.x86_64 需要#重新安装[root@server ~16:11:20]# rpm --reinstall -vh lrzsz*警告：软件包 lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 已被加入，跳过 lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 准备中...################################# [100%]正在升级/安装...1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7################################# [100%

yum

• rpm 命令是一个管理软件包的工具，不适用于软件包存储库或自动解决来自多个源的依赖项。
• Yum（Yellowdog Updater Modified）旨在成为管理基于RPM的软件安装和更新的更好系统。yum命令允许安装，更新，删除和获取有关软件包及其依赖项的信息。

yum命令

#用help帮助查看命令信息[root@server ~16:23:04]# yum --help已加载插件：fastestmirror Usage: yum[options]COMMAND List of Commands: check 检查 RPM 数据库问题 check-update 检查是否有可用的软件包更新......#查看仓库中httpd包信息[root@server ~16:23:06]# yum info httpd已加载插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com 可安装的软件包 名称 ：httpd 架构 ：x86_64 版本 ：2.4.6 发布 ：99.el7.centos.1 大小 ：2.7 M 源 ：updates/7/x86_64 简介 ： Apache HTTP Server 网址 ：http://httpd.apache.org/ 协议 ： ASL2.0描述 ： The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible:web server.#查询软件包清单[root@server ~16:24:03]# yum list 'httpd*'已加载插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com 可安装的软件包 httpd.x86_642.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 updates httpd-devel.x86_642.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 updates httpd-itk.x86_642.4.7.04-2.el7 epel httpd-manual.noarch2.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 updates httpd-tools.x86_642.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 updates#查看仓库中httpd包有哪些版本[root@server ~16:25:06]# yum list httpd --showduplicates已加载插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com 可安装的软件包 httpd.x86_642.4.6-95.el7.centos base httpd.x86_642.4.6-97.el7.centos updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-97.el7.centos.1 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-97.el7.centos.2 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-97.el7.centos.4 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-98.el7.centos.6 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-98.el7.centos.7 updates httpd.x86_642.4.6-99.el7.centos.1 updates#查看简介包含关键字的软件包（search）[root@server ~16:27:58]# yum search 'web server'#查看仓库中哪个包能提供相对应文件（provides）[root@server ~16:28:05]# yum provides sar......#安装相对应软件包[root@server ~16:29:10]# yum install -y sysstat#安装软件包（install）[root@server ~16:30:11]# yum install -y vsftpd#只下载不按照[root@server ~16:31:21]# yumdownloader vsftpd#安装系统中vsftpd包（localinstall）[root@server ~16:31:54]# yum localinstall ./vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9.x86_64.rpm#软件包降级（downgrade），降级时需一并降级所依赖的软件包[root@server ~16:33:06]# yum downgrade -y vsftpd-3.0.2-28.el7#软件包升级（update）[root@server ~16:34:37]# yum update vsftpd-3.0.2-29.el7_9#软件包卸载（remove）[root@server ~16:35:48]# yum remove -y vsftpd

history子命令

#查看yum历史命令记录[root@server ~16:36:17]# yum history list#特定yum事务详细信息[root@server ~16:37:42]# yum history info 2#反向操作第四个事务[root@server ~16:38:52]# yum history undo 4#重做操作第4个事务[root@server ~16:40:59]# yum history redo 4

软件包组管理

# 查看仓库中软件包组清单[root@server ~16:41:01]# yum grouplist......#查看软件包组中GUI的服务器的信息[root@server ~16:44:32]# yum groupinfo 'Server with GUI'#安装仓库中软件包组[root@server ~16:44:47]# yum groupinstall 'Server with GUI'# 卸载仓库中软件包组[root@server ~16:44:57]# yum groupremove 'Server with GUI'

yum 仓库配置

#查看yum工具的配置文件[root@server ~16:45:27]# cat /etc/yum.conf#安装软件包[root@server ~16:50:17]# yum install -y yum-utils#查看完整配置[root@server ~16:50:28]# yum-config-manager......

main 部分设置全局配置：

• enabled = 1，仓库默认启用。
• gpgcheck = 1，仓库默认启用gpg校验。
• keepcache = 0，不保存缓存。
• cachedir = /var/cache/yum，缓存文件保存的位置。
• reposdir =/etc/yum.repos.d, /etc/yum/repos.d,yum仓库配置文件。

yum管理的软件包存放在yum仓库，yum仓库配置文件存放在/etc/yum.repos.d目录。

yum仓库管理

1、查看yum仓库

#查看启用的yum仓库[root@server ~16:51:04]# yum repolist已加载插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com 源标识 源名称 状态 base/7/x86_64 CentOS-710,072docker-ce-stable/7/x86_64 Docker C337epel/x86_64 Extra Pa13,791extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7526mirrors.aliyun.com_kubernetes_yum_repos_kubernetes-el7-x86_64_ added fr1,022updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-76,173repolist:31,921#查看所有的yum仓库[root@server ~16:53:48]# yum repolist all

2、启用和禁用仓库

#启用[root@server ~16:55:11]# yum-config-manager --enable epel-debuginfo#禁用[root@server ~16:57:32]# yum-config-manager --disable epel-debuginfo#也可以通过修改配置文件启用禁用仓库（默认enabled为1）[root@server ~16:57:52]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo[epel]name=Extra PackagesforEnterprise Linux7-$basearchbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=1gpgcheck=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7[epel-debuginfo]name=Extra PackagesforEnterprise Linux7-$basearch- Debugbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch/debugfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=0[epel-source]name=Extra PackagesforEnterprise Linux7-$basearch- Sourcebaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/SRPMSfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0

3、仓库缓存管理

#清除所有缓存[root@server ~16:59:57]# yum clean all已加载插件：fastestmirror 正在清理软件源： base docker-ce-stable epel extras:mirrors.aliyun.com_kubernetes_yum_repos_kubernetes-el7-x86_64_:updates Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors#创建缓存数据[root@server ~17:01:01]# yum makecache

4、添加仓库kubernetes

#通过命令添加[root@server ~17:02:25]# yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/#查看[root@server ~17:04:57]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/mirrors.aliyun.com_kubernetes_yum_repos_kubernetes-el7-x86_64_.repo[mirrors.aliyun.com_kubernetes_yum_repos_kubernetes-el7-x86_64_]name=added from: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/enabled=1#安装 kubectl 包[root@server ~17:06:26]# yum install kubectl --nogpgcheck

5、添加仓库doker-ce

#通过修改配置文件[root@server ~17:06:56]# cat << 'EOF' > /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo>[docker-ce-stable]>name=Docker CE Stable -$basearch>baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/$releasever/$basearch/stable>enabled=1>gpgcheck=0>EOF#查看版本[root@server ~17:08:20]# yum list docker-ce已加载插件：fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com 可安装的软件包 docker-ce.x86_643:26.1.4-1.el7 docker-ce-stabl

源码安装Nginx

• Nginx是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理web服务器。

• 官方地址：https://nginx.org

#用wget下载压缩包[root@server ~17:11:03]# wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.24.0.tar.gz#解压[root@server ~17:11:46]# tar -xf nginx-1.24.0.tar.gz#配置[root@server ~17:12:20]# cd nginx-1.24.0/[root@server nginx-1.24.017:12:35]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx#根据报错来安装依赖软件包[root@server nginx-1.24.017:13:34]# yum install gcc make pcre-devel zlib-devel......#编译安装[root@server nginx-1.24.017:14:46]# make && make install[root@server nginx17:16:21]# ls /usr/local/nginx/conf html logs sbin#配置环境变量[root@server nginx-1.24.017:16:54]# export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin/#修改配置文件[root@server nginx-1.24.017:17:36]# vim ~/.bashrc#添加一行exportPATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin/#启动服务[root@server nginx17:18:44]# nginx#用ip验证最后退出服务即可

配置Nginx服务

[root@server ~17:22:54]# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service[root@server ~17:22:58]# vim /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service[Unit]Description=Nginx server daemon[Service]Type=forkingExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx-c/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.confExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx-sreload[Install]WantedBy=multi-user.target[root@server ~17:28:40]# systemctl daemon-reload[root@server ~17:29:06]# systemctl enable nginx.service --now

源码安装cmatrix

Cmatrix 是一款 Linux 环境下的炫酷屏保软件其效果类似于黑客帝国电影中的代码雨。

项目地址：https://github.com/abishekvashok/cmatrix

#下载[root@server ~17:29:13]# wget https://laoma.cloud/course-materials/softwares/stage01/cmatrix-1.2.tar.gz--2026-05-1817:32:14-- https://laoma.cloud/course-materials/softwares/stage01/cmatrix-1.2.tar.gz 正在解析主机 laoma.cloud(laoma.cloud)...8.159.134.206 正在连接 laoma.cloud(laoma.cloud)|8.159.134.206|:443... 已连接。 已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应...200OK 长度：117828(115K)[application/octet-stream]正在保存至: “cmatrix-1.2.tar.gz”100%[====================================>]117,828--.-K/s 用时0.02s2026-05-1817:32:14(4.55MB/s)- 已保存 “cmatrix-1.2.tar.gz”[117828/117828])#安装依赖软件包[root@server ~17:32:14]# yum -y install gcc make autoconf ncurses-devel#解压[root@server ~17:32:38]# tar -xf cmatrix-1.2.tar.gz#配置软件[root@server ~17:33:11]# cd cmatrix-1.2/[root@server cmatrix-1.217:33:30]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/cmatrix#编译[root@server cmatrix-1.217:33:42]# make && make install#修改环境变量[root@server cmatrix-1.217:34:06]# export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cmatrix/bin#执行[root@server cmatrix-1.217:34:30]# cmatrix